Botany

Chapter 1: What Is Botany?

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• Definition and Scope of Botany

• History of Plant Study

• Importance of Plants to Humans

• Fields within Botany (e.g., plant taxonomy, agronomy)

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Chapter 2: Diversity of Plant Life

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• Overview of Plant Kingdom

• Algae, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

• Adaptations for Life on Land

• Evolution of Plant Structures

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Chapter 3: Roots and Their Adaptations

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• Structure of Roots (no cellular-level detail)

• Functions of Roots

• Taproot vs Fibrous Roots

• Special Root Adaptations (e.g., aerial, storage)

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Chapter 4: Stems and Transport

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• External and Internal Structure of Stems

• Types of Stems (woody vs herbaceous)

• Plant Support and Growth

• Vascular Transport (just at tissue level: xylem/phloem)

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Chapter 5: Leaves and Photosynthesis

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• Basic Leaf Structure (blade, petiole, veins)

• Leaf Varieties and Arrangements

• Photosynthesis Overview (NO biochemistry)

• Leaf Adaptations (desert, aquatic, etc.)

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Chapter 6: Flowers and Reproduction

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• Structure of Flowers

• Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction in Plants

• Pollination Mechanisms

• Fruit and Seed Formation

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Chapter 7: Seed Plants and Dispersal

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• Seeds vs Spores

• Parts of a Seed

• Methods of Seed Dispersal

• Germination Conditions

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Chapter 8: Growth and Development in Plants

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• Meristems (apical vs lateral)

• Primary and Secondary Growth

• Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials

• Tree Rings and Seasonal Growth

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Chapter 9: Plant Responses to the Environment

• Tropisms (light, gravity, touch)

• Nastic Movements

• Photoperiodism

• Dormancy

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Chapter 10: Plants and Human Use

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• Medicinal Plants

• Food Crops and Agriculture

• Fiber, Fuel, and Industrial Uses

• Importance of Plant Conservation